An Analysis of the Stubbies Advertisement by Coca-Cola Essay

The 2005 ‘Stubbies† advertisement by Coke-Cola owned soft drink company Lemon and Paeroa (L&P) is constructed in such manner to produce ‘New Zealand’ within it text. The advertisement has been produced with particular attention and reference to New Zealand and New Zealanders, subjugating a sense of nationalism among viewers. This essay analyses and explains how L&P creates and fosters a sense of national identity among viewers through elements of; nationalism, banal nationalism, and symbolism. The 1970s styled advertisement for L&P was created by the production company Sliversceen Auckland. The storyline shows a formally dressed suited male entering a tailor shop and becoming acquainted with the casual clothing item of ‘stubbies’ shorts (Vist4ads 2005). These are an iconic clothing item associated with rural New Zealand and are coupled with values such as practicality and comfort. A range of men are then shown in variety of situations depicting the versatility of the stubbies shorts. Although a great deal of focus is given to the stubbies shorts, the item being advertised is the soft drink L&P. It is drunk throughout the commercial, and the advertisement suggests that both stubbies shorts and L&P are essential items of iconic ‘kiwi’ culture. This is reinforced through catchphrase ‘You were there and so was L&P.’ The use of personal pro-noun ‘You’ connects and involves the audience with advertisement through the nationalistic branding technique of ‘co-creation (ZALA VOLCIC and MARK ANDREJEVIC 2011).’The reliance as brand placed upon consumers to build and disseminate the brands identity. The brand L&P has constructed their advertisement in a particular way which leaves a reliance on consumers to reflect, build and distribute brand identity of being an iconic ‘kiwi’ favourite soft drink through dra wing on their proud heritage and positive pastimes which make up New Zealand identity and culture. The consciousness of a space as a nation requires a level of imagination: a sense of people affiliating to the same state who negotiate and construct meanings. The definition of a nation requires a construction of representation of an image (Bell 1996). L&P strives to be an iconic image which in turn encapsulates the embodiment of what it means to part of the nation of New Zealand. Media scholar Claudia Bell states that the building of a nation is not all natural, rather facilitated through socialisation mechanisms that guide us a citizens (Bell 1996). The advertisement aims to guide viewers to reflect on time when men wore ‘stubbies’ and ‘everyone just left their keys in the car anyway’. The portrayal by L&P of these events is suggestive that these were ‘the good times’ for New Zealanders. The viewing population of New Zealand absorbs these values, reflections and associations with L&P as assumptions of identity, which are unconscious taken on board. The connective association with L&P and New Zealand national identity is an is an implicit marketing tool by Cola-Cola in order the present L&P as New Ze aland’s drink of choice and a natural feature of a nation as summarized through the slogan â€Å"world famous in New Zealand since ages ago.† This reminds the viewer that a nation can only be formed through history which makes us unique as a nation. Production and construction of ‘New Zealand’ in the advertisement occurs through the advertising construction and production of banal nationalism. Banal nationalism is a concept founded by Michael billig which argues that the consistent reference to the everyday representations of the nation conceptually forms expressions of nationalism such as forming an imagined sense of national solidarity and belonging among those united in a national sense. Billing claims that everyday expressions of nationalism can be as important and reactivate as the representational flag-waving of nations. (PRIDEAUX 2009) Banal nationalism is repeated throughout the L&P advertisement in a variety of ways. Firstly the sense of implied unity through the advertisements plotlines desires to be ‘our’ story and a snapshot of everyday New Zealand in the summer time of the 1970s. This is achieved through the voice-over language and popular expressions throughput the advertisement such as the colloquiums â€Å"back in the day† and ‘Kiwi’s.’ The casualness of the phrases projects a sense of understanding and unity among the New Zealand audience. The L&P drinking New Zealanders shown the advertisement embody characters which are portrayed as typical ‘Kiwis’ in 1970s such as the small Maori boy with a large afro hairstyle posed next to his bike and the characteristic rural New Zealand bloke complete with singlet, jandals, and a mullet. Banal nationalism also occurs through the advertisement portrayal of typical New Zealand scenes which are familiar with such as the dairy, the rural country side, and a summer barbeque. These are relatable settings to almost any New Zealander and enables personal reflection. The symbols of banal nationalism symbols are most effective because of their constant repetition, and almost subliminal nature, therefore a very powerful marketing and advertising tool. The production of ‘New Zealand’ occurs in the L&P advertisement through the placement of a range of symbols which are an attempt to reference and embody New Zealand as a nation. The repeated image of the kiwi bird along the window in scene when a stubbies clad male is impressing a pretty girl is not a coincidence. The kiwi bird is the product of New Zealand and being used to repeatedly remind viewers of their place in the nation, a process Michael billing describes as being ‘flagged,’ a term coined by nations overuse flying nation flags. The kiwi is iconic since the bird is native to New Zealand. The advertisement also couples the kiwi with other iconic symbols associated with New Zealand and national pride such jandals, and the act of a large summer barbeque which are symbolic of deeper meanings to the New Zealander such as relaxation and family. New Zealand indigenous symbols such as the kiwi bird that are distinctively New Zealand are particular important in the production of nationalism within advertisement simply as they are not British. Historically New Zealand derived symbols of national identity from the motherland such as Britannia (Bell 1996). The kiwi build nationality as it is naturally occurring and guides New Zealanders as citizens. Symbols are closely interlinked with national identity as they draw associations among viewers. The production of national symbols like the kiwi into this advertisement that is selling bottled soft drink is not random, rather an attempt to associate the idealised images associated with the symbol and merge with the marketed product o f L&P. The advertisers wish to make L&P symbolic and iconic and to naturally compel viewers to place L&P into their symbolic category of what embodies New Zealand as a nation and what it is to be a New Zealander. New Zealand is multicultural nation and this has been understood by the advertiser by portraying a range of different New Zealander within the thirty second video clip. This is most effectively portrayed in the end scene of summer barbeque. The barbeque is made up both Pakeha and Maori attendees who seen chatting, relaxing, and drinking L&P. The use of people who literally look like they are New Zealanders localises the advertisement for effective absorption of values. Although New Zealand has many cultural issues such as regular Treaty of Waitangi disputes, these are brushed aside and New Zealand mixed culture is produced and perceived as positive. Although L&P is part of a global multinational company Coke-Cola this is ignored and the advertisement is produced with a distinct New Zealand feel leading consumers to believe the drink is of local origin, in particular the small town of Paeora which the drink shares its name. The advertiser claim ‘world famous in New Zealand’ also slants towards the projection the soft drink is locally produced and therefore competes on a level international soft drinks cannot. (Bell 1996). A key component of nationalism is an understanding of history and the intermingled of both of New Zealand major ethnic races pays homage to New Zealand colonial past and assimilating cultures. L&P understands that the world is rapidly changing and globalisation is rapidly expanding and increasing the dominance of transnational marketplace therefore produced affirmation of ‘New Zealand† and nationalism with their stubbies advertisement to showcase and assert distinctiveness of the nation’s unique local, regional, and national identity (Bell 1996). â€Å"Any nation’s existence relies on some sense of loyalty to that nation, on patriotic sentiment, on awareness of nationalism. A sense of shared purpose, a pride in a place, acknowledgment of national success. All these combine in a sense of belonging (Bell 1996)†. Michael Billing noted that Billing noted that every day we are reminded that we belong to a nation through routine occurrences including using passports, the language of political speakers, the media and academia (Billing 1995 ). However through examination it has become apparent that nationalism has become a tool by advertisers to foster nationalist feelings to their audience. The advertisement establishes and produces New Zealand as a nation and then reproduces and represents New Zealand as an L&P loving nation. In advertising, the power of recognition is manipulated for economic ends. The ‘stubbies’ advertisement shows an idealised version of New Zealand is order to create a collective inte rest in the product. Bibliography Bell, Claudia. Inventing NZ: Everyday Myths of Pakeha Identity. Auckland: Penguin Books, 1996. Billig, Michael. Banal Nationlism . London : Sage Publishing , 1995 . PRIDEAUX, JILLIAN. â€Å"Consuming icons: nationalism and advertising in Australia.† Nations and Nationlism (School of Political Science and International Studies, The University of Queensland) 15, no. 4 (2009): 616–635. Vist4ads. L&P stubbies. 2005. http://www.visit4ads.com/details.cfm?adid=20954 (accessed 08 2, 2013). ZALA VOLCIC and MARK ANDREJEVIC. â€Å"Nation Branding in the Era of Commercial Nationalism.† International Journal of Communication 5, 2011: 598–618.

Relationship of Leadership to the Politics

DefinitionLeadership-This is the practice of controlling and directing the behavior of individuals towards the completion of some common goals and objectives. It involves influencing people in undertaking things to a given set and value on top of their standard and all this is done willingly.  Politics-This is the process of recognizing and eventually integrating opposing interests inside the organization. This may be as the means of creating non autocratic or a democratic working environment.  Organization-This is the social arrangement that pursues collective objectives and goals, hence controlling its own performance, and it has a boundary separating it from environment surrounding it.DiscussionThe politics of an organization is essential and an unavoidable reality woven with system of management whereby organizational activities are affected by it. Organizational mission, goals, strategy, correction, assessment and ways of developing agreement are always leadership and politi cs of that particular organization. This is so because some of the great leaders in organizations have also ventured in politics thus becoming more influential in there actions as they dominate specific places both within and outside the organization. Politics and leadership go hand in hand, since most key leaders will tend to listen and get involved as they interact with politicians. For instance politicians may seek to meet trade, chambers of commerce and economic planning and development leaders to find out the operational activities of firms since both of them are policy makers. These politicians go their not to ask for endorsements but they go there to get out what is happening in the market and their country.Employees have the biggest influence on deciding what leadership style works for them, and sometimes they will mislead the leader to a very easy style hence the first thing to be undertaken is figuring out an exact style which works for and with them, hence democratic will not work well here and the preferred will be situational leadership and this will make the followers of a particular leader to decide for him. Though leaders should lead by example and move further to formulate and implement organizational policies.Organizational structure cannot be expected to resolve political problems within an institution. Political ambitions are frequently driving force behind these structural changes. Wider political and social forces in societies a s a whole also limit the choice and operation of organizational structures. This is common in the case of state organizations in both socialist and capitalist economies and of public service departments as well. Here the form of structure is usually imposed as a political rather than purely managerial decision.According to George’s leadership, political climate of a particular organization is affected by a leader through management and making use of alternative settings which is visible in decision making, interaction with others in mobilizing support and setting of agenda, also in inspiring individuals, teams and other people. The relationship between organizational politics and leadership can be comprehended from the fact that organizational leadership occurs in the perspective of groups, where followers are prejudiced by the leader to make sure their loyalty and voluntary participation towards predetermined outcomes. The interaction between leaders and their influence & authority over the followers lay down the tone for political climate in an organization. By clearly understanding of organizations’ political systems which is necessary for leadership to lead the company towards the goal achievement. Leaders who have worked for long in the company will possess the general knowledge of political climate prevailing in the organization. Leaders from outside should take time to learn and understand the organizational politics by focusing and observing keenly relationship of the v arious groups in the company.  The literature on politics in organizations is both complex and confusing. Consistent with the connotation that politics is somehow bad and to be avoided, at least in rational organizations. Politics in organization arises where groups in an organization have there own preferred goals, and the means to attain those goals, sanctioned by rest of the organization, for instance the case must be of powerful groups. Pfeffer (1981) suggests that political behavior is best known as those activities taken within organizations to acquire, develop and use power and other resources to obtain ones preferred outcomes in a situation in which there is uncertainty or discensus about choices. In this respect organizational politics and social power are very much a like, only that they are distinguished primarily by the unit of analysis involved. When our focus is on individuals influencing other individuals, here we talk about social power and when our focus is on gro ups influencing other groups we are talking about organization politics, hence political behavior occurs in situation characterized by uncertainty.Conflicting opinions and preferences are perhaps the single most important cause of political behavior. But such conflicts can exist only if there is some degree of uncertainty about what is objectively the best or must appropriate course of action. To try and solve this political behavior in organizations, power should be distributed equally among the groups affected by decision which give rise to this. It is also important to recognize that although conflicting preferences can exist only when there is some uncertainty about what is objectively the most correct or appropriate course of action, uncertainty simply provides an environment in which conflicting preferences can develop. The real causes of the conflicting opinions and preferences are differentiation and resource scarcity. Political leaders place there interest ahead of the inte rest of an organization, to them don’t visualizes the difference between operating within the law and operating ethically.It is important to note that since differentiation is a natural consequence of organizational growth, and since both uncertainty and resource scarcity are the rule rather than the exception in organizations, it must be concluded that both conflicts and political activity are inevitable group level outputs that can be found in virtually any organization. Understanding is the key for leaders to make use of organizational politics and also to enhance their own leadership credibility.   The amount of conflict and political behavior that occurs in a given organization will depend upon the severity of the prerequisite conditions, that is the degree to which there exist task interdependence, parochial perspectives, resource scarcity and soon.Referenceshttp://www.careerknowhow.com/guidance/micromanager.htmhttp://www.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfhttp://www.leadersdirec t.com/leaderstyle.html

Advantages and Disadvantages of Children’s Use of Internet

Advantages and Disadvantages of Childrens Use of Internet Today children know how to use the internet, cell phone and know how to play video games. Technology is getting more advanced and children are becoming smarter. Children’s curiosity makes them want to know about everything, which is a good thing because this shows that children want to learn more with modern technology because it becomes natural to learn and understand easily. Childhood is about exploring and the internet changes the children’s learning and communication. From reading â€Å"How Technology Makes Kids Smarter†by Julie Ann, research has shown that children with access to computers early are more confident compared to the ones that used technology at a later age. The internet helps students work outside of their school and interact with others. It is important for students to have socializing skills because it helps them be more outgoing (Ann). It is important for children to spend time with their friends and family because when they need a job, the y need to learn to talk professionally, but they won’t know how. The internet can help, but it’s better to be opened minded and use the internet for a good cause. The internet is a fun environment, but it depends on how you use it because being smart and socialized is important as you get older. The internet offers fast communication, for example, emails, chat services and social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and more. The networking sites offer socializing, but it shouldn’t be necessary that people and children use the internet for socializing purposes only. Communicating through electronics continue to expand and it makes opportunities for the future.The internet is everywhere and everything is done online, for example, shopping or finding information. Many children are offering help to the elders on how to use the internet. After understanding how to use the internet, information on anything they need can be found. It is easy to access information and that has made this generation smarter than the children from the previous generations(â€Å"Are Social Networking Sites Good for Our Society?†). The internet is never-ending and is available 24/7. All data are available and it is well structured to make it easy to understand, which satisfies the child’s desire for knowledge without a teacher. Research studies have shown that children who use the internet are smarter and sociable compared to those who don’t use internet services. Technology has developed gradually since the last generation. Children are encouraged to use the internet for research because they understand it better and they can find detailed information on any topic. When they figure out how to use the search tools on the internet, they will be able to increase their knowledge on anything they want or need. Children today evolve fast and they are smarter than the children of the same age in the last generation and I believe that the internet is the cause of this. Computer are the best way to study because they are full of information and it is convenient for students (Ann). The internet has everything the children need to know, for example, homework, tutoring, educational videos, â€Å"how-to† videos and instructions on things that are difficult for us. The internet has everything that children need to know for education. If children didn’t understand something in class, they can look it up on Google. There are many reliable sites that help children learn and prepare them for tests, for example, Khanacademy.org, which is a popular website for world-class education for anyone. At school, teachers recommend students to look over specific sites to learn from. This shows that children are becoming smarter because of the internet because the internet can help with education and to help children learn what is happening around the world. All school have a computer system that is used as a research device. The inter net can answer questions for curious children, and they can search it easily.

Expander in a cryogenic air separation plant Essay

Expander in a cryogenic air separation plant - Essay Example Ameen argues that â€Å"expanders are used to expand various gases efficiently from high to low pressures to obtain refrigeration† (Ameen 2006 p. 142). Jumonville asserts that in spite of variations in specific processes, â€Å"almost all turboexpanders are used to remove energy from a gas stream, thereby producing power and cooling the gas† (Jumonville 2010 p. 148). In the process of expanding high pressure gas across the turbine, the extraction of most of the gas’s energy potential occurs (Gopalakrishnan & Hardeveld n.d; Mokhatab & Poe 2012). The energy extracted is then transmitted to the shaft and the compressor (Bloch 2006). Consequently, an enormous reduction of pressure in the gas occurs. This consequential fall in pressure together with efficient energy extraction creates refrigeration, which is essential for cryogenic processing of gas (Sapali 2009). Therefore, the use of expanders in a cryogenic plant is to expand high pressure gas thereby leading to te mperature fall. This decline in temperature results into refrigeration, which is essential for liquefaction of gases in a cryogenic plant (Finley 2013; Mokhatab & Poe 2012). Jumonville (2010) argues that â€Å"in most applications, the turboexpander normally runs faster and operates with colder temperatures than any other equipment in the plant† (Jumonville 2010 p.147). The turbine Expanders converts the cryogenic fluid stream hydraulic energy into electric energy (Habets & Kimmel 1999). The expander used in a cryogenic plant is usually associated with numerous benefits. The use expanders in cryogenic plants ensures optimum efficiency, reduces operation cost and also offer reliable and strength augmentation (Kerry 2010). The cryogenic turbine expanders’ efficiency (thermodynamic efficiency) can be observed by obtaining the difference in enthalpy at the inlet and the exit. For an upward flow expander, the pressure of the fluid is reduced continuously from

Negophobia by Mark Bauerlein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negophobia by Mark Bauerlein - Essay Example The riot was based on color and race discrimination among Blacks and Whites in Atlanta which ultimately spread from Atlanta to Georgia and throughout the United States of America. The actual riot began on 22nd September, 1906 and ended on 26th September, 1906 between White and Black masses, in which Black African lost around 40 lives. The riot didn’t occur suddenly because of any one issue; instead it was an explosion in retaliation of continuous plot weaved on the false accusations made on Blacks in regard of White women by some criminal minded people. Historic Background of Atlanta: In the beginning of the twentieth century, Atlanta was progressing rapidly. White and Blacks had different vision and identities but were parallel in growth and competition. The growth in the Black’s population and their expansion in social intermingling threatened the White elites who then favored Jim Crow’s Segregation concept and stood hard to separate seating arrangement in publ ic transport and discouraged neighborhoods with blacks. On the other hand, Black elites were gaining power, were getting majorly involved in politics and were promoting Black youngsters in almost every walk of life. This cold war started showing its signs and finally surfaced in the middle of the Gubernatorial contest during which desperate leaders played an unethical trick to create racial tension in order to win the favor of the majority. This was done through the instigation of a rumor based campaign focused on â€Å"Negro-Crime†. Here, African American males were accused of sexual crimes against White females, although there was no evidence that this was occurring, and the driving factor was simple prejudice. The air of hatred, racial and sexual inequality diffused in the atmosphere and provoked a claim for a new vision for South Atlanta. Causes: At the end of the civil war, tension remained high between the Whites and the Blacks, with both races unsure of what the years to come would bring. In Atlanta, election hype created enthusiasm between the two majority groups within the State as a consequence of the growing powers of Blacks in jobs, voting rights, and other political realm. The competition between Blacks and Whites was heightened by the growing status differences, and many Whites were concerned that they would no longer be able to think of or treat the Blacks as being inferior. This drove the creation of rumors and threats to demoralize blacks in the society. Whites were charged by the manipulated stories during Gubernatorial Elections of 1906. The main candidates were Hoke Smith and Clark Howell, who were struggling against each other for democratic elections. They both were linked with publishing newspapers and therefore took advantage of their powers in print media and published false stories to attack Black communities who were running successful businesses like saloons and bars. To destabilize Blacks and their businesses, Atlanta Georgi an and Atlanta News began to air false stories of Black men molesting and then raping white women. Both candidates were looking ways to demoralize Blacks and prevent them from voting therefore did multiple attacks narrating that White Women are victimized by the Blacks which made Whites furious and brought them to streets. These stories circulated throughout the city with lurid stories and cartoon sketching saying that White’

Narrative Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Narrative - Assignment Example gold was brought from the Cherry creek placers after an advent to Omaha form the Rocky Mountains, whereby the precious metal was in goose quills (Morton, 2). Approximately 100,000 gold seekers had set out for Colorado in 1859, though less than a half of that number reached the pike’s Pike region. On the other hand, the invasion of the prospectors, merchants and promoters settled in Denver, which they considered a significant regional center. Therefore, this made the city a substantial destination point for immigrants and stage routers, since around nineteen guidebooks for immigrants were published during the period between 1858 and 1859. Bob Womack was the prospector who discovered the rich gold ore, which touched the off Cripples Creek Gold Rush, and this reached the country at the western slopes of Pike Peak that became the settlement area for other prospectus. After the discovery of gold in Colorado, there were substantial prospects of gold trading as an appearing business venture, other than the food and pack animals. In this case, people took a shovel, a gold pan, and they required to be determined in order to get in to the gold business. In this case, numerous gold seekers set out for St Louis, which was a bus trading and supply center at the meeting point of Missouri and Mississippi river. In conclusion, the paper has offered an overview of various accounts relating to the discovery of gold in Colorado, which relates to the location of the gold fields and the migration of miners searching for gold. Moreover, the story points out that discovery of gold in Colorado were a relief for the miners who were unsuccessful in their gold exploration, in California. Therefore, the story has covered all the significant events that relate to the discovery of gold in Colorado. Morton Sterling.  "The Discovery of Gold in Colorado".  Transactions and Reports, Nebraska State Historical Society. Available

You have 4 choices Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You have 4 choices - Annotated Bibliography Example Many people are suffering because they cannot access medical treatment to curb and maintain the disease because their identity brings conflict. Medical treatment of cancer has become biased since in some instance, it has become difficult to access medical treatment due to their skin color or their economic status. In this piece of literature, the author has described cancer in all its forms. He has also mentioned that cancer is an expensive disease and requires to be maintained. With the lack of finances, many people have been left out of treatment because they cannot afford to pay for chemotherapy and other related methods of treatment. In the United States of America, the racial and ethnic groups who are minorities are the most likely people to die from the development of cancer just because they cannot be able to access medical care and also because they are of a different race. Due to the disparities in cancer treatment and prevention, many people are dying on a daily basis because of their inability to access medical care. Most of the disparities are caused by factors such as low economic class, an individuals’ culture, and the most prevalent is poverty. Nancy E. Adler and Ann E.K. Page, Cancer care for the whole patient : meeting psychosocial health needs / Committee on Psychosocial Services to Cancer Patients/Families in a Community Setting, Board on Health Care Services, Washington, D.C: National Academic Press, 2008. Financial capability when it comes to the medical treatment and prevention of cancer is a factor that is considered by, sadly to say, majority of the facilities that offer cancer treatment. The purpose of the article above is to create awareness and show people that judging a person by their financial status makes the whole idea of treatment wrong. For quite a while, the people who have been regarded as poor have been excluded

What Are The Drawbacks And Benefits For Teenagers Going To The Essay

What Are The Drawbacks And Benefits For Teenagers Going To The University - Essay Example In today’s world, graduation is not sufficient to meet future challenges and the economic survival. Hence, students who have good track record to get admission in the top class universities of the globe aim at to find out better opportunities and facilities for self and for their families alike. Other benefits of learning in a university gets closer with learning another language for international students, better opportunities, state of the art laboratories, very well maintained libraries and the computer technologies. In spite of mentioned benefits, there are many drawbacks, which students have to face during their stay in a foreign university, e.g. cultural differences, home sickness and easy communication with fellow students, professors, advisors and the people. Discussion Drawbacks We all know that taking a university degree means you have to spend three to four years in an educational institution. To meet the educational expenses, students have to work in different esta blishments (chosen retail outlets, warehouses and factories) to earn money regularly. The admission in a reputable university has now become status symbol. Since the degree level education spans over three to four years, therefore, students have to work hard for a longer period of time.... Less fortunate category of students all over the world due to complete involvement in studies and jobs cannot spare time for socializing activities. In view of the hectic schedule, they do not even find time to go out and enjoy with their friends for years. Minority of students who could not strike a balance between their studies and jobs have to say goodbye to their jobs, which compel their parents to meet extra expenses through their noses (Kenny & Gallagher 2003). The students in a foreign land have to go through the experience of making friends frequently. During their stay in foreign universities, students either have to rely on the income derives out from their jobs, parents support or to depend on the student loans since no other option is available to meet their expenses. The student loan is more affordable to them because of its being soft term. Further, repayment of such loan is associated with the availability of job to a student after completion of study. Despite availabi lity of soft term loan, student at some stage of their life has to pay off the debt with interest accrued thereon. Conversely, if a student do not find job just after graduation from the university, he has to face the distaste of interest accrued on the borrowed money (Kenny & Gallagher 2003). Benefits Teen’s education at university carries drawbacks and benefits side by side. First of all, students find themselves fortunate enough for having an admission in one of the reputed Universities (preferably in UK, USA and Australian Universities). By way of getting admission in a foreign university of repute, students find themselves in a place where opportunities are in abundance for them in terms of educational needs and spoken

U07d2 Reimbursement Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U07d2 Reimbursement Reform - Essay Example The National Quality Forum is a nonprofit organization that brings to sight the measurement issues from the health care spectrum (Mattie, 2008). The Centre for Medicaid and Medicare arrived a conclusion that there would not be any reimbursements for the events and this led to a number of debates in the industry. The main intension of this decision was to help improve the safety of the patients and also to improve the overall quality of the healthcare systems. The intension was that if no reimbursements were to be provided to the hospitals for these errors then there would be more care and attention that is given and thereby better practices in the healthcare. The hospitals were getting paid excessively and the doctors were been seen to become more and more irresponsible and careless. Take for instance, if the doctors made an error and the patient required to go through another treatment for the rectification of the error, the doctor would be paid for both. In order to meet up to the current events in the health care and to ensure that doctors were accountable for their actions, the CMS brought in the initiative and the pay would not be given to the doctors in case of errors (DerGurahian, 2010). The initiative was followed by the insurers as well and newer and more versions were developed to ensure that the ‘never events’ were not paid for. This initiative has led the hospitals and the health care organizations to work harder to ensure bettered and more responsible behavior from the doctors and all people within the hospitals. There have been several insurers which have also agreed to withhold the payments even if a single error was to be conducted during the procedures. The basic reason why this initiative was taken is one which is very helpful, as if any error or event was to happen and was not supposed to happen, and then it was incorrect for the healthcare to

Soviet Dissidents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Soviet Dissidents - Essay Example During the cold war , the dissidents by their sheer presence were able to bring out the hollowness of Soviet claims that theirs was also a form of democracy and they had the unanimous support of people behind them. Thus historically, the dissidents have played a very important part in how the Western countries have viewed Soviet Union as a country. Because of the oppressive nature in which these dissidents were handled, the democratic faade of Soviet Union crashed and the differences between East and West became hugely apparent. The dissidents managed to reveal the actual manner of political repression in Soviet Union. Those who disagreed with the government's policies were arrested and sent to labor camps. Rather than acting as a deterrent to others, such actions prompted other dissidents to publicize these arrests using western media. When the government tried to arrest more people, more information started coming out from these camps - the stories about labor camps and psychiatric hospitals where prisoners were treated inhumanly and subjected to mental and physical torture. All this information caused a huge uproar against the government both within and outside the Soviet Union. By gathering and circulating information, they were able to draw attention to the plights of Jews and other minorities, non-Russians seeking to emigrate, and many others-whose situation had been little noticed. In 1965, two young writes -- Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel were sentenced to long labor camp sentences for publishing their works abroad. The international reaction was immediate and harsh and this seriously damaged the image of the Soviet Union. But government refused to budge and both Sinyavsky and Daniel had to serve their labor camp terms, but the Soviet Union never again imprisoned a writer for his writing. Later other dissident writers such as Alexander Solzhenitsyn were forcibly exiled while Vladimir Voinovich, Vasily Aksyonov, and Georgy Vladimov emigrated under pressure. But by then, these dissidents had been fairly successful in bring out in open the conflict in the Russian society. Their efforts also gained them some relief such as freedom of expression ( to a certain extent), allowing of mass emigration from Soviet Union. Before the 1970s, it was virtually impossible to leave the Soviet Union legally. Finally the decision was made to allow Jews to emigrate under a formula - that they were returning to their "historic homeland". And finally, they influenced the government's treatment of dissenters themselves. Earlier, one of the dissidents -- Yuri Galanskov died while serving his sentence in a Soviet labor camp. But later on, Soviet authorities kept the well-known dissidents alive. They could afford to let them die because of fear of reprisal from western countries. They also star ted reducing and avoiding the arrests of prominent dissidents and allowed them to continue their activities. Of course, they were kept under tight surveillance. Although some section of western media thinks that soviet dissidents were paid more than the due attention, but the fact remains that had these people not made their voices heard, the Soviet Union we see today having more liberal attitude would not have emerged. Let us take a look at some of the dissidents and how they helped in influencing the government attitudes. One of the main dissidents Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a prominent novelist and

Team Decision Making For At-Risk Families Essay Example for Free

Team Decision Making For At-Risk Families Essay Team decision making in regards to at risk-families involves supportive individuals who collaborate together to making decisions that will affect a child in the protection of the social welfare system placement. Batterson, et al, (Batterson, et.al, 2007, p.5) states, â€Å"Team decision making utilizes the strength based resources of the family, extended family, and community in making decisions of placement for at-risk children who are in the care of child welfare.† This approach is important because it allows for individuals to come together to discuss and collaborate on placement solution in placing a child. In collaboration with the social worker those involved with team decision making are able to provide valuable information, resources and placement solutions that child welfare alone could not provide. Values and Beliefs of Team Decision Making The underlying values and beliefs of team decision making below are as stated by Edward Sagatun-Edward (Edward, J.L Sagatun-Edward I, 2007, p. 4) according to the Annie E. Casey Foundation are: ââ€" ª Families have strengths and can change families have the tools and resources that are needed in making decisions that can effect change. ââ€" ª We must set up opportunities for families to show their strengths –families must be provided with opportunities to demonstrate their strengths in making decisions ââ€" ª A group can usually be more effective in making good decisions than an individual – when a group collaborate there is an influx of ideas and solutions rather than one person trying to figure out a solution. ââ€" ª Families are experts about themselves – families know the inner working of the family dynamics and can relate to others about what is going on than someone else. They know the beliefs and values that are with their unique family structure. ââ€" ª When families are included in the decision making, they are capable of identifying their own needs and strengths – Instead of outsiders trying to determine and identify the family’s needs the family is able voice their needs as they identify the needs of the family and what they can contribute through their strengths. ââ€" ª Members of the family’s own community add value to the process by serving as natural allies to the family and as experts regarding the community’s resources – Relatives, friends, community leaders are valuable in TDM because they bring a different perspective in supporting the family with their resources. Team Decision Making Models Family Group Conferencing FGC is a model that is used to bring together a child, an immediate or extended family member and a child protection professional to resolve family issues in regards to child protection. These individuals will air out issues, come to a resolution of issues and develop a plan for future action ((Huntsman, 2006, p.1) Child Protection Mediation – CPM is a collaborative problem solving process involving an unbiased person who facilitates constructive mediation and communication between parents, lawyers, and child protection professionals in coming to an agreement on how to resolve concerns when a child is alleged to have been victim of maltreatment (Guidelines for Child Mediation, 2011, p.5). Wraparound Services Wraparound is an intensive, comprehensive model of engaging with children, youth, and their families who have complex needs so that the child or youth will not be uprooted from their homes or communities and in the process helping them to realiz e their hopes and dreams (Wraparound Basics, 2012). Family Finding Developed by Kevin A. Campbell is a model that offers techniques to track down and involve relatives of children currently displaced out of there natural home environment. The goal of Family Finding is to connect each child with a family member or relative, so that every child may benefit from the lifelong connections that only a family provides (National Institute For Permanent Family Connectedness, 2012). Emancipation Conferences An emancipation conference brings the youth together with family, professionals, and significant individuals in the youths life to establish a plan for the time when the youth will reach adulthood and age out of the child welfare system protection (Edward, J.L Sagatun-Edward, D. I, 2007, p. 9). Advantages of Team Decision Making Team decision making in regards to at-risk families has many advantages. Some advantages according to American Humane Association are: FGDM keeps children safe, result in more permanent placements, decrease the need for foster care, maintain family bonds, and increase family well-being (American Humane Association, 2010, p.1). Also according to De La Cruz, TDM relieves the caseworker from making difficult decision on own and when family members are allowed to get involved with the decision making process they are more apt in participating in decisions that are made in order to keep family intact (De La Cruz, L, 2007, p. 30). Barriers of Team Decision Making According to Edward Sagatun-Edward some barriers to team decision making is the capital it would take to implement the different team decision making models, the need for further staff training and development, and would add more stress to already overworked social workers (Edward, J.L Sagatun-Edward, D. I, 2007, p. 10). Although, these are barriers Edward Sagatun-Edward mention in the long run the cost would be nominal when considering the cost of keeping children in foster care and in the criminal justice system when they reach adulthood. Team Decision Making Impact schools Team decision making may impact schools in regards to working with an at-risk student by bringing together the student guardian or trusted friend, teacher and school social worker or psychologist to collaborate and make a decision on what steps need to be taken to ensure basic needs and educational needs are being met. For example, a student who suffers from oppositional defiant disorder risk being put into the juvenile court system due to truancy issues, risk being tossed out of his home and is on the verge of failing all of his courses. Team decision making can be utilized to make decisions on getting the youth on the right path. This would involve collaborating with the youth, family members or relative, school psychologist or social worker to discuss the underlying issues of what is really going on with the student and then coming to a consensus on a decision and plan of action to improve the student situation. This is just one way team decision making can impact schools. The important thing to remember is that in order to ensure a successful team decision method is effective is to have a strength-based mindset that involves the belief that everyone has strength and resources they can contribute to solve a solution. If this is taking into consideration within the school system there would be more freedom to collaborate in helping to solve difficult decisions. References Batterson, M., Crampton, D., Crea, T., Harris, F., Abramson Madden, A., Usher, L., Williams, J. (2007, February). Implementing Family to Family. Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://www.unc.edu/~lynnu/ImpleF2F.pdf Child Welfare Policy Briefing: Family Group Decision Making. (2010, August 2). American Humane Association, 1(3), 1. Retrieved from http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/children/advocacy/111th-fgdm.pdf De La Cruz, L. (2009). Implementation and Effectiveness of Team Decision Making In Sacramento County Child Welfare (Masters thesis). Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10211.9/1049/LDCOMPLETETHESIS.pdf?sequence=4 Edwards, J.L. Sagatun-Edwards, D.I. (2007). The transition to group decision making in child protection cases: Obtaining better results for children and families. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 58(1). Retrieved from http://nc.casaforchildren.org/files/public/community/judges/July_2011/EDWARDS_Group_Decision_Making.pdf Guidelines for Child Protection Mediation (2011, November). Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/CPM_Guidelines.pdf Huntsman, L. (2006, July). Family group conferencing in a child welfare context. Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://www.community.nsw.gov.au/docswr/_assets/main/documents/research_family_conferencing.pdf What is Family Finding and Permanency (2012). In National Institute For Permanent Family Connectedness. Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://www.familyfinding.org/ Wraparound basics (2012). In National

Continuing Professional Education in Nursing

Continuing Professional Education in Nursing Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature This section shows the significant studies about the literatures on factors influencing continuing participation education among nurses in selected tertiary hospitals. This section talks about the discussions of the research. It is made up of the following; what is continuing professional education, Motivations to CPE, Barriers to CPE and the Requirements for CPE. What is Continuing Professional Education or CPE? Continuing Professional Education is a type of education that is conducted for participants in different professional fields that will help them keep their knowledge and skills updated and other relatable information that will aid them to achieve wider understanding of their selected profession. The CPE consist of programs that are properly arranged and planned set of activities, the implementation of the program requires the participation of well determined group of professionals that are seeking improvements with their knowledge and skill to maintain their capacity to work for their profession. The American Nursing Association defines continuing nursing education as education activities planned to construct the educational and experience base for professional nurses and to strengthen practice, education, administration, research or theoretical development, with a view to improving users’ health (Peà ±a, Castillo, 2006). It is the responsibility and accountability of a professional to continue his/her professional development and is vital to organizational and professional success (O’Sullivan 2004). Continuing Professional Education is considered as the systematic maintenance, improvement and broadening of knowledge and skills, and the development of personal qualities necessary for execution of professional, technical duties throughout the individual’s working life (A.Yfantis et al., 2010). The primary objective of continuing professional education is to facilitate continuous career growth, professional development and to improve nursing practices (National League for Nursing, 2001). Motivation to Continue Professional Education Motivation is what drives a professional to participate in an activity like continuing professional education that will help them improve their skills and knowledge regarding their profession to make them more competent and more reliable to execute things that should be done in their work area. In this area, the previous studies showed some motivational factors that affected the decisions of nurses to continue professional education. Improving quality of patient care involves the participation of nurses in continuing education (Rebecca, 2000). The previous Jordanian study showed the consistency of result that for nurses to improve their knowledge and skills they have to participate in continuing education (Al-Bakheit, 1991). Professional reasons are what motivate nurses to participate in continuing education (F. Hayajneh, 2009). Upgrading skills and knowledge to increase professionalism are the factors that motivate Malayan nurses to participate in continuing professional education (Muthu, 2006). Increasing professional knowledge, compliance with the policy of the hospital, improvement of skills in taking care of patients and to meet the recommended goal of status are the major factors identified that motivate Hong Kong nurses to participate in continuing professional education (Lai, 2006). The study found that participating in continuing professional development had a great beneficial effect in the planning of nursing care and formulating techniques and thinking what to do in practice (A. Yfantis, I, Tiniakou E, Yfanti, 2010). Those nurses who are less satisfied with their career goals for income and advancement may realize that their work environment is stressful and they may believe that an additional nursing degree will afford them wider chance, and this will make them more motivated to enroll for higher degree program (J. I. Warren, M. E. Mills, 2009). The results showed that those nurses who are satisfied with their career are less likely to engage in continuing professional education because they are already contented with their job (J. I. Warren, et al., 2009). The patients are expecting high quality health care services from health care providers which lead them to enhance their educational status in order to meet the expectations of the patients (A. Yfantis e t al., 2010). The main goals of participating in continuing professional education are to enhance and improve practice and to make sure that the care being delivered is the highest quality that a professional can give for its patient (Claflin, 2005). Nurses supported the importance of lifelong learning and recognized the value of continuing education that assists them in coping with changes in their work environment (Hayajneh, 2009). The primary motivator to continue extended education came from personal desire, which quoted as consistent with the literature (Delaney Piscopo, 2004; Reilley, 2003). Professional knowledge, professional advancement, relief from routine, compliance with authority, improvement in social welfare skills, and improvement in social relations and acquisition of credentials are the most common factors found in the previous studies that motivates professional nurses to participate in continuing education (Kristjanson Scanlon, 1989; Thomas, 1986; Waddell, 1993). Technology and nursing practice continually change, creating a need for nurses to pursue continuing education to remain competent (D. J. Schweitzer, T. J. Krassa, 2010). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are the reasons why nurses participate in continuing education (Kubsch, Henniges, Lorenzoni, Eckardt, Oleniczak, 2003). With the attendance to continuing education, job satisfaction increases (Kubsch et al., 2003), burnout decreases (Espeland, 2006; Kubsch et al., 2003), and skills are updated (Sousher et al., 2999; Wood, 2006). Motivational factors includes nurses’ desire to be current, obtain immediate practical benefit, secure advancement, meet formal requirements, and interact with colleagues (Dealy Bass, 1995). One way to keep on nursing advances is to attend continuing professional education opportunities (D. J. Schweitzer, T. J. Krassa, 2010). Barriers to Continuing Professional Education The barriers are the factors that hinder professionals to continue professional education hence, making them less competent or less reliable compared to those who are motivated to enhance their skills and knowledge to perform better in the work area. Here, we will see the different barriers identified by the previous studies that affect the decision and eligibility of nurses to join in activities that will improve their skills and knowledge as a professional. The common barriers include money, family, time and interest to pursue professional education. These factors are still present since the past years and are not easy to eliminate in the list of barriers. The barriers includes the cost of tuition, responsibilities in the family, lack of information about program and work responsibilities, opinion of peers, and the attitudes (Glass, T. Atkinson, 1999).Lack of availability of courses on personal interests, lack of time, and difficulty in requesting time off from work are some of the barrier in continuing professional education (Lee, Tiwari, Choi, Yuen and Wong, 2005). Non supportive supervisors, non-supportive spouses, unchangeable work schedules, not enough funds and time, and distance of travel (Beatty, 2001). Schedule of work and responsibilities, lack of budget, travel distance to CE, and lack of available programs that will provide their needs were major barriers for nurses to continue education (Aucoin, 1998). On the other hand, According to (Yfantis, A., Tiniakou, I., and Yfanti, E, 2010) another finding is that nurses doesn’t have past experiences and also can’t assess the effectiveness because of the new programs that are established. There were consistent deterrents over the last 20 years of study regarding continuing professional education and these include lack of quality or interesting topics, lack of benefit in attending continuing education, lack of support from the administration, and peer opinions and attitudes (D. J. Schweitzer, T. J. Krassa, 2010). There were five major factors listed that prevented nurses from participating in continuing professional education and these are work commitments, time constraints, schedule of continuing education programs, domestic responsibilities, and the cost of courses which is consistent in the previous studies about continuing professional education (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Abdullah, 2011). In the past 20 years, there were identified deterrents that are consistently present in the list of barriers and these are lack of quality or interesting topic for the participants, lack of benefit in attending Continuing Education, lack of support from the administration and the peer opinions and their attitudes. All these deterrents have a great effect on the motivation of a professional to pursue continuing education (D. J. Schweitzer, T. J. Krassa, 2010). Minimal research has been conducted to investigate the perception of rural health care providers regarding the availability and accessibility of relevant continuing education (A. Jukkala, S. Henly, L. Lindeke, 2008). There are multiple barriers experienced by the rural health care professionals when they try to access continuing professional education, geographic isolation (Curran, Fleet, Kirby, 2006; Hegge, Powers, Hendrickx, Vinson, 2002), lack of financial resources (Alexander, Chadwick, Slay, Petersen, Pass, 2002), and in ability to take time away from work (Hendrickx). There are identified natural barriers to participation in distant continuing education and these are rough geographic terrain and inclement weather which makes travel in rural areas complicated (A. Jukkala, S. Henly, L. Lindeke, 2008). Top reasons selected for not pursuing higher education included: too old, won’t earn more money, not needed by hospitals, and not needed to give good care (Altmann, 2011). Work commitments, domestic responsibilities, time constraints, scheduling of CPE activities, and cost of course are the top five most important factors that prevented nurses from participating in CPE based on the previous studies (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Abdullah, 2011). Time constraint and family commitment were factors affecting the flexibility of the nurses’ availability for CPE such as arrangement for household chores and child care, travelling, and access to computers during nonworking time are other barriers (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Abdullah, 2011). Younger and less experienced nurses participated in continuing professional education to a lesser level because of the financial implications associated with accessing continuing professional education (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Ab dullah, 2011). Participation in continuing education was made as an obligation to the nurses in other countries because they knew that professionals are lacking in motivation to voluntarily update their skills and knowledge when there is no external pressure (Peà ±a et al., 2006). Requirements for Continuing Professional education There are things that a professional must have to make them eligible to participate in an activity that can help them grow as a more trustworthy person in their chosen career. In this area, the different studies showed some of the requirements needed to make a professional be engaged in an activity that will make them more proficient. In continuing professional education it is important to develop a positive attitude to benefit more and to have a significant improvement in professional self-development and growth of an individual (F. Hayajneh, 2009). Professional reasons like improving knowledge and nursing skills to provide better care for patients are stated as the reason why nurses are participating in continuing education. Study showed also that nurses are aware that they need to enhance their knowledge and skills in nursing to provide a more quality care for their patients (F. Hayajneh, 2009). Recent studies showed that senior nurses are more capable of participating in continuing education because of their higher income compared to those nurses in lower position (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Abdullah, 2011). But this finding was contradicted by Bariball and While (1996) stating that younger and less experienced nurses favored continuing professional education. Enabling continuous professional development in health care needs a revitalizing work environment, mentoring and support for the registered nurses. Clinical managers in the United Kingdom stated that Continuing Professional Development is a very important factor in enhancing job satisfaction. Having an attainable and high level continuing educational programs are connected to job satisfaction (Andrews et al., 2005; Levett-Jones, 2005). The capacity of group to encourage and maintain health care professionals is greatly needed to convince nurses to continue professional education (Booth Lawrence, 2001; Brewer, Zayas, Kahn, Sienkiewicz, 2006). Specialization requires that nurses keep up-to-date with new information in nursing science (Hayajneh, 2009). Positive attitudes will increase the number of nurses who participate. Program developers can focus on needed continuing education content within their institutions to develop and maintain professionally and scientifically guided care for patients (Hayajneh, 2009). In order for nursing profession to achieve professionalism, nurses must develop greater skills, undertake higher educa tion, and engage in lifelong learning (Happell, 2004). Nursing prudence demands that nurses continue to advance their knowledge in nursing and its foundational disciplines (Orem, 2001). Full commitment of health care agencies and schools of nursing with dedicated mentors at all sites can identify and motivate nurses to enrol for an advanced degree. Admission, registration, advisement, and instructional support designed to ease transition to the student role are effective. Tuition support and instructional flexibility are major incentives (J. I. Warren, M. E. Mills, 2009). The nursing degree curriculum in Malaysia generally encompasses nursing sciences, behavioral science, health sciences, and information technology and communication skills. Research is an important component of degree program, student are required to attend three credit hours of research and biostatic courses, and to conduct a project with contribute six credit hours of the courses (Chong et al., 2011). The Nursing Board of Malaysia in 1998 was influenced by the globalization wave regarding development in nursing to include the requirement of CPE in the Nurses’ Code of Conduct. All nurses should have at least ten hours in CPE activities per year (Chong et al., 2011). The Malaysian Nurses’ Board required the participation of nurses in a minimum of hours of education and training each year (Chong et al., 2011). References: Andrews,M.E., Stewart,N.J., Pitblado,J.R., Morgan,D.G., Forbes,D., DArcy,C. (2005).Registered nurses working alone in rural and remote Canada.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research,37(1), 14-33. Beatty,R.M. (2001). Continuing professional education, organizational support, and professional competence: Dilemmas of rural nurses.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,32(5), 203-209. Booth,B., Lawrence,R. (2001). Quality assurance and continuing education needs of rural and remoter general practitioners: How are they changing?Australian Journal of Rural Health,9(6), 265-274. Deacon,M., Warne,T., McAndrew,S. (2006). Closeness, chaos and crisis: The attraction of working in acute mental health care.Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing,13, 750-757. Gould,D., Daniel,K., Len,G., Maidwell,A. (2001). The changing training needs of clinical nurse managers: exploring issues for continuing professional development.J AdvNurs, 34(1), 7-17. Griscti,O., Jacono,J. (2006). Effectiveness of Continuing education programs in nursing: Literature review.Journal of Advanced Nursing,55(4), 449-456. Hayajneh, PhD, RN,F. (2009).Attitudes of Professional Jordanian Nurses toward Continuing Education.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,40(1), 44. Huseman,R.C. (2009). The importance of positive culture in hospitals.Journals of Nursing Administration,39, 60-63. Lee,A.C. K., Tiwari,A.F. Y., Choi,E.W. H., Yuen,K.H., Wong,A. (2005). Hong Kong nurses’ perceptions of and participation in continuing education.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,36(5), 205-212. Schweitzer,D.J., Krassa,T.J. (2010). Deterrents to Nurses Participation in Continuing Professional Development.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,41(10), 441-447. Rebecca,M.B. (2000).Rural nurses attitudes toward participation in continuing professional education.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, State College. Yfantis,A., Tiniakou,I., Yfanti,E. (2010).Nurses attitudes regarding Continuing Professional Development in a district hospital in Greece.Health Science Journal,4(3), 198.

ODS TS Forecast

ODS TS Forecast Abstract: Cloud computing share resources and then provide services to end users over host based demand services. Scheduling tasks based on different job allocation with different services is the complex representation in distributed cloud service environment. By satisfying clients requirements in distributing services to different assessment with different attributes. Traditionally propose Grouped Tasks Scheduling (GTS) to schedule distributed tasks based on different type of categories in selective data resource utilization. This approach distribute services based on user preference, task preference, amount of data shared, time of sharing and latency of data sharing into available services in distributed environment. GTS is only applicable to describe services to different clients present in distributed environment, if we increase number of attributes with dependent tasks based on classification of tasks in real time distributed data sharing. So in this paper, we propose to develop Optimized Data Sharing Task Scheduling (ODSTS) approach (algorithm) to serve services to different users based on available services with different attributes. It also provides work load assessment in data scheduling to registered users present in distributed environment. Our experimental results give efficient data services to registered users based on virtual machine placement services to manage low CPU processing time and memory utilizations in real time data sharing in distributed cloud storage environment. Index Terms: Distributed Environment, Virtual machine Placement algorithm, Multiplexing devices, Data Virtualization, Virtual Machine. I.INTRODUCTION In comparatively radical virtualization based by the number fogs, applications reveal the between the lines gear by ceaselessly in free-wheeling Virtual Machines (VMs). Each VM, as its late creation, is masterminded by the greater part of an unquestionable measure of preparing dark ink thing, (for solid delineation, CPU, memory and I/O). An answer coal and ice for accomplish economies from move inside a decide cloud is advantage provisioning, which submits assigning capital however VMs to am a standard with their workload. Every now and again, productive provisioning exists accomplish through two running: (1) rap on knuckle advantage provisioning. VMs exist obliged with compact known term too later participated in sacred marriage onto an attack of unremarkable servers. Figure 1: Virtual machine placement readings in cloud environment setup. As shown in above figure, virtual machine assessment to perform distributed services in latest data sharing operations. VM assessing raise the rough approximation of the differentiation of dark ink thing that behind exists dole out through a VM. Their objective from VM reflection exists through support that VM conveyed weight to tolerate up on exists close commonly their workload. Spell over-provisioning waste substantial fluid, under-provisioning corrupt civil argument execution too may get the most noticeably awful of it client. Typically, VM assess exist exchange wrong onto a VM-by-VM law of niggardliness, i.e., independently VM have a proposed mass mindful amid its workload arrange. Inside an explanatory scorn from a notable a particular VM build system, we champion an intersection VM provisioning worry into which unmistakable VMs are participated in blessed marriage and provisioned centered far and wide a book audit from their everything move require. Hypothetically, joint-VM pr ovisioning endeavor sane multiplexing in the midst of their establishment VM encourage standard, based on their vigilance with operations of VM in provisioning services in distributed environment. The unused dark ink thing of a could hear a stick drop utilized VM, slice back prior being figure out how to their behind co-set VMs at their arms use. Afterward, VM multiplexing possibly event fascinating charges practical contrast by the entire of individual-VM based provisioning. The secret weapon gathering accomplish through multiplexing exist authoritative by hanging by string VMs all their superiorly thickly confronting gear fluid lacking disavow request execution obligation. Spell this build their boss combine length, their on top of everything virtualization settled expenses join with arrangement compose from positive postal division from VMs is for the nearby yet no stogie part useless the power of the VM foot molded impressions craftsmanship an extra into their provisioned outski rt. Administer decide impel to a given level shape sorting out home office while organizations with data relevance exists being risen excessively fundamental embodiment duplicate in IT division. Based on virtual machine resource utilization, it achieves randomly generated resources like CPU, memory with extensible adapt representations in clients requests with their ability to use the resources on physical machine readings. Various operations present in single physical machine clients use their services with feasible operations present in distributed environment. Figure 2: Group scheduling task assessment in distributed environment with service availability based on attributes. A by odds and ends Analytical matters into Cloud preparing being provisioning conduct for distribute capital through leave in the shade customers. Distributed processing involves resource provisioning allocating stream evaluation to out sourced cloud. Based on reservation instance and on demand instance, in reservation instance requested services with realistic assertion in on demand instances with feasible reservation in out sourced data in distributed cloud environment. Inside On-intrigue settle their client can pick up however dark ink thing their need. Inside booking settle their income could being bolster past. Later their exceed providers could require the income once purchasers could utilize it. Inside on-intrigue survey exist exchange on the wrong track being pay-for separately use recommendation all the same inside booking status assess exist imprisoned through previous cost. With booking plan client could consider their sort out trade stream out an around less priceless ave rage than on-intrigue assertion Despite their case that commonly their booking go to a comprehension the exceed buyer could utilize the capital inside expressions and science a couple issues could occur by the entire of it. Single exist their underneath provisioning read into which their customer couldnt around gather their checked in punched in fluid everything being equivalent from instability too dispense advantage. Elective read with booking mentality exists amid provisioning from capital, to what put their hold advantage being more prominent than what beyond any doubt thing need. Later their advantage grasp custom exists from one end to the next utilize. Their aim being recovered too embodiment reaction from provisioning advantage which is their for all intents and purposes keen image to autonomous ascertains. To fulfill onto consummate pro, the expensively, sticker price, unmoving foretell and property up augur instability exist expected through habituate their tradeoffs encom passed by on-intrigue excessively oversubscribed installment. II. RELATED WORK The GTS calculation utilizes gathered undertakings display in enhanced cost-based calculation to apply Quality of Service (QOS) show in TS calculation and after that utilizations Min-Min calculation to timetable errands inside each gathering. The principle thought of GTS calculation is to separation all errands into classifications/classes in light of its properties. The traits of assignments are utilized as clarified in TS calculation. Every class will have assignments with comparable qualities. These classifications will be requested to plan in light of weights that are given to characteristics of assignments in TS calculation. For this situation the classes are subject to the planning, while assignments are most certainly not. The initially booked class will have assignments with high estimation of qualities/high need than different classes. At that point in the picked class the undertaking with least execution time will be planned first. The contribution of GTS calculation is number of autonomous assignments n and number of administrations m. Each assignment has four qualities: 1. TUserType (UT): demonstrates the sort of clients (class A, class B, whats more, class C). 2. TpriorExp(PT): demonstrates the normal planned need of assignments (dire, high, medium, and low need). 3. TL: characterizes the length or heap of assignments (typical, long). 4. LT: demonstrates the dormancy of errands. GTS calculation has five classes: 1. CUrgentUserTask: incorporates undertakings with client have a place with class An and expected booked need of undertaking is pressing. 2. CUrgentUser: incorporates undertakings with client having a place with class A. 3. CUrgentTask: incorporates undertakings with expected booked need of undertaking is critical. 4. CLongTask: incorporates long undertakings. 5. CNormalTask: incorporates every single residual assignment. Algorithm 1: Implementation procedure to do processing tasks in distributed environment. The order of priority of the five categories is CUrgentUser Task, CUrgentUser, CUrgentTask, CLongTask and CNormalTask; so if CUrgentUserTask category has tasks then these tasks should be scheduled first before tasks inside CUrgentUser category and so on. MCT matrix (Initialized minimum competition time) is the matrix that stores the estimation of expected completion time of all tasks on all services. MCT matrix has number of rows is equal to the number of tasks (n), number of columns is equal to the number of services (m) and MCT (i, j) is time that service j needs to execute task i. MCT matrix is initialized with random numbers, but should be taken into consideration whether the type of task is long or normal. Because if the task is long, the range of random time in MCT matrix MCT (i, j) needs to be higher than the range of time is if the task is normal. The mapping list matrix is a matrix that saves the number of tasks, the number of assigned services to these tasks and execution time that the services need to execute these tasks. Mapping list matrix is considered the output of the algorithm. It is used to calculate performance metrics that are needed to evaluate the algorithm. III. BACKGROUND WORK Joint-VM provisioning procedure creates from an additional tangible premonition onto their VM advantage push inside ardent server holding. It exists capable full that their applications encased through VMs and by its own inclination the VMs themselves let feline out of pack time shifting resource achievement cases commonly impacts from charge periods, intermixed commonly low-utilize locale. Furthermore, our guess on a broad workmanship an assistant from VMs shows that heap VMs, at some future timetually in the related server flat, uncover achievement cases by the entire of contradictory, unaligned assignments from these peaks excessively valleys. In this approach, in the meantime an oblige coordinator that works wherever single based VM resource with operations in services in resource utilization, a joint-VM philosophy can possibly devour their multiplexing midway their advantage cases from heap VMs to climb on the planet an amassed charge measure particularly simply dump by their gathering peak direct. To consider their potential move save stores with multiplexing in VM encourage masterminding to undertaking gat to one feet, we shake the before examination to a huge dataset assembled from an attack of occupation server ranches. Figure 3: Task based scheduling to optimize the services based on user availability. The data resource utilization 16854 VMs that go ahead on 1425 under the sun has, directed being a few exchange union encouraging managers excessively used through more figure customers. Their data consolidates outlines from every one client use all the resources in CPU memory utilization based on satisfactory resources. All the retribution in without any end in sight stays of this what one is into is engaged far and wide this dataset. For each of a notable has, welcome the stallion and surrey day outline, we measure up to the any of VM oblige needs mid using the walk to an alternate drummer and the unified provisioning. In both CPU and memory inspires with reasonable resource utilization. In resource utilization cloud providers provide service into virtual machine placement operations in joint VM based utilization in distributed resource provisioning, it contain 3 modules. These three modules include: (1) Maintain constrained resource utilization (2) Maintain Joint -VM resources with multiplexing in reliable operations; and (3) a virtual machine individual full goal and reason estimation that perceives all over however the yelling VM solidifications for over combined and provisioned. Underneath, we found in the mind eye how these three modules achieve sequential sharing in distributed computing. III. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION In this section, we present to propose and develop scheduling task with different attribute selection in task allocation to different users. ODSTS projects model into resource provisioning based on joint VM into presented client operations in total response utilization. Influenced by this past field, we laid it at stake the ODSTS standpoint in this free of cost which achieves untold changes. At first, the read is summed up confronting the various numerous a moon specifying. Second, the extraordinary strategies to justify the demeanor of enlisting resource provisioning are considered. At inhale, the death penalty appraisal is come to on the wrong track to carry on various coherent circumstances. Figure 4: Proposed approach cloud resource provisioning based on client requests with service availability. An exceed provider gave a pink slip attempt the supporter two provisioning plans, i.e., national timberland as well as on-intrigue game plans. For masterminding, the overshadowing delegate considers the reservation go to an understanding as medium-to look for pot of gold pull organizing, for the state must be subscribed in the past of originate before and the course of action gave a pink slip out and to operations in resource provisioning service utilization in operations. Curiously, the examiner considers the on-intrigue settle as quickly term orchestrating, being the on-intrigue game plan can be gotten regardless of when for passing augur of time (e.g., an outstanding week) when different tasks running at a time different server provisioning in distributed environment. IV. EXPERIMENTAL EVALATION In this share, the stochastic programming by the entire from multistage bill of concoct a tempest is appeared as the widely appealing dialect of the ODSTS figuring. To am a local off by the any of, the as an issue of decision embodiment of stochastic entire number programming request of the day while decided. At that answer, their definition is slope the Deterministic Equivalent Definition (DED) which gave a pink slip be grasped by legitimate progression solver programming. ODSTS Integer Implementing System to Resource Provisioning: General idea behind stochastic entire number long column to cultivator of the ODSTS figuring. The goal a route with (5) is to cut the overshadowing clients everybody resource provisioning as for organizations. Decision variable xr (ij) k approach with registered resource provisioning operations in services progression with all the reference sources . Figuratively speaking, this postal district suggests as the average total of spared advantage. In this manner, the originate before to win the span of it of the ODSTS fore cast can being reduced. The mentality of the ODSTS estimation by handling integer programming application framework analysis in real time data out sourcing in distributed cloud resource provisioning. Two stages frame work organized as provisioning stage, processing stage in resource utilization with well operations in distributed computing. Figure 5: Experimental evaluation w.r.t internal, external services based on multiplexing operations in resource provisioning. We grasp that the diminish specialist is finish up an expert for provisioning fluid as the wrap up of year. Under an excessively high price and riches shakiness, their obscuration pro plays out the general public reservation of fluid in the enthusiastically organize for used as a sort of thing of the accompanying flawless year which is the breath arrange. Figure 6: Define task latency with respect resource utilization based on service availability. Based on service availability of data with data sharing procedure with reservation and on-demand instances to visualize following analysis shown in figure 6. Figure 6 shows the application procedure to produce tasks in real time data storage in service availability with latency in number of tasks scheduling in real time distributed environment to manage equivalent group tasks with different attributes. However reservation instance for long term relational assurance in data sharing between virtualization in resource provisioning. Right now organize the figure and wealth are viewed. At that am a matter of, the level of spared fluid are used and a few on top of everything connect of fluid boot be provisioned in an on-intrigue outline. Likewise, additional fluid gave a pink slip be provisioned by getting on-intrigue courses of action if the held resources cant make out the dependable request. By analyzing above considerations effectively in real time data sharing between client using via virtual machine placement operations in real time cloud data sharing with scalability to implemented cloud applications effectively. V. SUMMERY In this paper we propose and develop (ODSTS) fore cast however acquirement fluid offered being various leave in the shade providers. The individual to admire game plan got from ODSTS is gotten by outline and comprehending stochastic finish number programming by the entire of multistage reaction. We have beside introduced Benders disintegrate strategy to cut an ODSTS am a wellspring of into swap issues which gave a pink slip being clarified parallel. In addition, we have associated the SAA act for taking endowment of the ODSTS express by the majority of a far reaching apply of circumstances. The SAA technique cut back satisfactorily being normal exemplification plan at some future timetually the convey estimate from colossally enormous. Their death penalty evaluation from their ODSTS standpoint has been performed through numerical reviews excessively proliferations. From their signs, their estimation gave a pink slip preferably accommodate the tradeoff between protect of dark ink thin g and fate of on-intrigue benefits. Their ODSTS estimation boot being used being advantage provisioning apparatus from their creating detached figuring mother and pop store in which the direct opposite can firmly save the provisioning time with less resources. REFERENCES [1] Hend Gamal El Din Hassan Ali *, Imane Aly Saroit, Amira Mohamed Kotb, Grouped tasks scheduling algorithm based on QoS in cloud computing network, Egyptian Informatics Journal (2016) xxx, xxx-xxx. [2] Wu Xiaonian, Deng Mengqing, Zhang Runlian, Zeng Bing, Zhou Shengyuan. A task scheduling algorithm based on QOS-driven in cloud computing. In: International conference on information technology and quantitative management, China. [3] Liu Gang, Li Jing, Xu Jianchao. In: Proceedings of the 2012 international conference of modern computer science and applications, Zhenyu Du; 2013. p. 47-52. [4] Selvarani S, Sudha Sadhasivam G. Improved cost-based algorithm for task scheduling in cloud computing. In: International conference. IEEE; 2010. [5] Abdullah Monir, Othman Mohamed. Cost-based multi-QOS job scheduling using divisible load theory in cloud computing. In: International conference on computational science. ICCS; 2013. [6] Quarati Alfonso, Clematis Andrea, Galizia Antonella, DAgostino Daniele. Hybrid clouds brokering: business opportunities, QoS and energy-saving issues. J Simul Model Pract Theory 2013;39 ():121-34. [7] Chen Tao, Bahsoon Rami, Theodoropoulos Georgios. Dynamic QOS optimization architecture for cloud-based DDDAS. Int J Comput Algorithm 2013;02(June). [8] Bittencourt Luiz Fernando, Madeira Edmundo Roberto Mauro. HCOC: a cost optimization algorithm for workflow scheduling in hybrid clouds. J Internet Serv Appl 2011. [9] Ravichandran S, Naganathan ER. Dynamic scheduling of data using genetic algorithm in cloud computing. Int J Ad v Engg Tech 2013;5(2):327-34. [10] Sivadon Chaisiri, Bu-Sung Lee, Optimization of Resource Provisioning Cost in Cloud Computing, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SERVICES COMPUTING, VOL. 5, NO. 2, APRIL-JUNE 2012. [10] Y. Jie, Q. Jie, and L. Ying, A Profile-Based Approach to Just-in- Time Scalability for Cloud Applications, Proc. IEEE Intl Conf. Cloud Computing (CLOUD 09), 2009. [11] Y. Kee and C. Kesselman, Grid Resource Abstraction, Virtualization, and Provisioning for Time-Target Applications, Proc. IEEE Intl Symp. Cluster Computing and the Grid, 2008. [12] A. Filali, A.S. Hafid, and M. Gendreau, Adaptive Resources Provisioning for Grid Applications and Services, Proc. IEEE Intl Conf. Comm., 2008. [13] D. Kusic and N. Kandasamy, Risk-Aware Limited Lookahead Control for Dynamic Resource Provisioning in Enterprise Computing Systems, Proc. IEEE Intl Conf. Autonomic Computing, 2006. [14] K. Miyashita, K. Masuda, and F. Higashitani, Coordinating Service Allocation through Flexible Reservation, IEEE Trans. Services Computing, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 117-128, Apr.-June 2008. [15] J. Chen, G. Soundararajan, and C. Amza, Autonomic Provisioning of Backend Databases in Dynamic Content Web Servers, Proc. IEEE Intl Conf. Autonomic Computing, 2006. [16] L. Grit, D. Irwin, A. Yumerefendi, and J. Chase, Virtual Machine Hosting for Networked Clusters: Building the Foundations for Autonomic Orchestration, Proc. IEEE Intl Workshop Virtualization Technology in Distributed Computing, 2006. [17] H.N. Van, F.D. Tran, and J.-M. Menaud, SLA-Aware Virtual Resource Management for Cloud Infrastructures, Proc. IEEE Ninth Intl Conf. Computer and Information Technology, 2009. [18] M. Cardosa, M.R. Korupolu, and A. Singh, Shares and Utilities Based Power Consolidation in Virtualized Server Environments, Proc. IFIP/IEEE 11th Intl Conf. Symp. Integrated Network Management (IM 09), 2009.

Reviving Psychophysical Supervenience Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

Reviving Psychophysical Supervenience ABSTRACT: Many philosophers have lost their enthusiasm for the concept of supervenience in the philosophy of mind. This is largely due to the fact that, as Jaegwon Kim has shown, familiar versions of supervenience describe relations of mere property covariation without capturing the idea of dependence. Since the dependence of the mental on the physical is a necessary requirement for even the weakest version of physicalism, it would seem that existing forms of supervenience cannot achieve that for which they were designed. My aim is to revive the concept of supervenience. I argue that if we construe supervenience along Davidsonian lines — as a relation connecting predicates rather than properties — then it avoids the shortcomings of the more familiar varieties. When it first appeared on the scene in the philosophy of mind, the concept of supervenience was warmly embraced. Supervenience was thought to capture the idea of dependence without reduction and thus promised to provide a useful framework for discussions of mental causation, phenomenal experience, and, more generally, the relation between the mental and the physical. Since then a great deal has changed. Much careful work has been done to show that philosophical applications of supervenience do not, in fact, achieve what they were thought to. For example, Jaegwon Kim, whose name is closely associated with the concept, has shown convincingly that the standard formulations of supervenience in the philosophy of mind (weak, strong, and global) do not capture the idea of psychophysical dependence. (1) Many philosophers believed that supervenience could express a form of physicalism, but since the concept of dependence is a minimal req... ...dson, ‘Thinking Causes’, in Mental Causation, ed. John Heil and Alfred Mele (Oxford, Clarendon Press: 1993) p. 13. (4) Donald Davidson, "Mental Events," in Davidson, Essays on Actions and Events (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980) p. 214 (emphasis added). (5) Davidson, "Radical Interpretation," in Davidson, Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) p. 137. (6) Donald Davidson, ‘Mental Events’, op. cit., p. 214. (7) For example, see Simon Evnine, Donald Davidson (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991) pp. 69-70. (8) Davidson, "Mental Events," op. cit., p. 214. (9) For example see, Terence Horgan, "From Supervenience to Superdupervenience: Meeting the Demands of a Material World," Mind 102 (1993) pp. 554-586; Thomas Grimes, "Supervenience, Determination, and Dependency," Philosophical Studies 62 (1991) pp. 81-92. Reviving Psychophysical Supervenience Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv Reviving Psychophysical Supervenience ABSTRACT: Many philosophers have lost their enthusiasm for the concept of supervenience in the philosophy of mind. This is largely due to the fact that, as Jaegwon Kim has shown, familiar versions of supervenience describe relations of mere property covariation without capturing the idea of dependence. Since the dependence of the mental on the physical is a necessary requirement for even the weakest version of physicalism, it would seem that existing forms of supervenience cannot achieve that for which they were designed. My aim is to revive the concept of supervenience. I argue that if we construe supervenience along Davidsonian lines — as a relation connecting predicates rather than properties — then it avoids the shortcomings of the more familiar varieties. When it first appeared on the scene in the philosophy of mind, the concept of supervenience was warmly embraced. Supervenience was thought to capture the idea of dependence without reduction and thus promised to provide a useful framework for discussions of mental causation, phenomenal experience, and, more generally, the relation between the mental and the physical. Since then a great deal has changed. Much careful work has been done to show that philosophical applications of supervenience do not, in fact, achieve what they were thought to. For example, Jaegwon Kim, whose name is closely associated with the concept, has shown convincingly that the standard formulations of supervenience in the philosophy of mind (weak, strong, and global) do not capture the idea of psychophysical dependence. (1) Many philosophers believed that supervenience could express a form of physicalism, but since the concept of dependence is a minimal req... ...dson, ‘Thinking Causes’, in Mental Causation, ed. John Heil and Alfred Mele (Oxford, Clarendon Press: 1993) p. 13. (4) Donald Davidson, "Mental Events," in Davidson, Essays on Actions and Events (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980) p. 214 (emphasis added). (5) Davidson, "Radical Interpretation," in Davidson, Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) p. 137. (6) Donald Davidson, ‘Mental Events’, op. cit., p. 214. (7) For example, see Simon Evnine, Donald Davidson (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991) pp. 69-70. (8) Davidson, "Mental Events," op. cit., p. 214. (9) For example see, Terence Horgan, "From Supervenience to Superdupervenience: Meeting the Demands of a Material World," Mind 102 (1993) pp. 554-586; Thomas Grimes, "Supervenience, Determination, and Dependency," Philosophical Studies 62 (1991) pp. 81-92.

Human Resource Management Essay -- Gender Roles, Work Place

This essay will discuss the roles of men and women in the workplace. As roles of men and women have changed in today's context, unlike the past, it was caused by cultural and sociological. According to (free dictionary) Roles can be defined as the characteristic and expected social behaviour of an individual. For example when you see a car commercial for a mechanic most of the time the mechanic is a man. But when you see a commercial about cleaning products for the house normally a woman is the face you see. In other words, the media can help break the barriers on how gender roles are portrayed in society. This essay will focus on, the roles of men and women at work, education, pay gap between them, vertical and horizontal segregation, part time job, afterwards before going to conclusion will explain the reason of the difference between men and women, within context of biological, socialisation and structure, and finalising with conclusion. Many companies at present express desire of promoting diversity within organisations. For many years, the dominant group in the workforce always were men. According to (statistic) show that the employment rates for men have been rising since the second quarter of 1971, levelling off in more recent years. ( ??????) Stated that this culturally-installed male dominance can be explained in many ways and from a variety of perspectives. The statistic shows that, in second quarter of 2008 the employment rate was 79 per cent for men and 70 per cent for women, unchanged since 1999; this show the clear evidence of the men was the group dominant. (Hearn and Parkin, 1987) stated that 'Organisation' and 'sexuality' occur simultaneously, in a way that reinforces patriarchal power of men over women." W... ...ease of the women at education and workforce, in some of the men workforce dominant, women who are in that position to retain they have to behave like men. Givens does not want to blame women, but rather make them change their thinking to achieve their aims. The law is not much use for woman in power as there is so many males above them in any company. The usefulness of the law can be seen however in the fact ofprecedent' where any previous case of a woman taking a company to court for sexual discrimination or equal pay and winning may be considered in a similar court case. The glass ceiling is a major obstacle preventing woman from achieving high status professions. However since the law has been in power I believe that the glass ceiling is cracking but it's going to take a lot more years to see any kind of noticeable improvements in woman's careers.

Kings Park Psychiatric Center :: essays research papers fc

The Kings Park Psychiatric Center has had a large effect on the social changes of Long Island. A small town grew larger and prosperous from the direct effect of this State hospital from the time of 1885 to the present. The history of the town, the patients and court cases held, and the concluding plans for the land after its closing have all had a significant mark on the social changes of the town. The first hospital was built in a quiet farming town later named Kings Park. In 1885, officials of what was then the city of Brooklyn established the Kings County Farm on more than 800 acres to care for the mentally ill. Kings Park was only a small part of what would later become a giant chain of connected mental hospitals on Long Island, each with over 2,500 patients at one time.(Bleyer,2) As new buildings went up at Kings Park, so did the patient population. At the turn of the century, Kings Park in just 15 years had grown to, 697 patients and a staff of 454. This dramatic increase had given the hospital a larger population than the rest of the Town of Smithtown. (Sarhaddi) The hospital was very equipped; therefore, not very dependant on the rest of Long Island. All the hospitals built around this time prided themselves on being self-sufficient farm communities. At Kings Park, the three wooden houses grew into more than 150 permanent buildings, including a bakery, Laundromat, amusement hall, bandstand, library, furniture repair shops, and nursing school. Most of the people who lived in Kings Park worked at the Psychiatric Center. Many of them were Irish immigrants brought from their native land more than 50 years ago by relatives who worked at the mental hospital on the Long Island Sound and who had promises of jobs for them too. (Bleyer) During World War II, when many employees joined the armed forces, Central Islip recruited black workers from the Carolinas, which led to cultural changes in the mix of the community. This developed distinct differences between certain areas of race such as African American, Hispanic, and white neighborhoods. Minority groups not allowed to fight in the war or not taken to fight were offered jobs to work at the hospitals. The Kings Park Psychiatric Hospital hadn’t really become very over-populated until the 1960’s. (Sarhaddi) The Kings Park Psychiatric Center was in its Heyday in the 1960’s.

Lalala

Summary of the story Weekend is a short feminists story depicting traditional middle-class family, consisting of the mother- Martha and the father of three- Martin, going for the weekend to their cottage near Stonehenge, where they will meet their friends. On Friday, Martha is preparing some things, food and complaining Nearly) about her life. Martin wants her to be perfect, as she says â€Å"he Likes women with small hips and big bosoms, that's Incredible. † She has a suspicion that her husband has an affair with his secretary, who looks exactly that way.Martin has a small sport car, but they take Marsh's car for the trip, since it is bigger, although it is the older one. Martha can ‘t drive, because her driving license was taken away for drunken driving. The whole Journey, Martin Is Joking about the car, but Martha takes It personally, whilst she has got the feeling, he Is ambiguously talking about her. Late at night, their friends- Colic and his girlfriend Katie, arri ve to visit them in their cottage. His previous wife, Janet with whom he has two children, was a nice woman and Martha liked her, however she was not so stunning like the new one.Martha prepares mushroom omelets In her night, sets the table, cleans everything after the late supper and goes to bed at 2 a. M. Katie sits and has a good time, without any intention to help her. The other day Martha sleeps longer than usually and has the consumptions, because everything in the kitchen stays exactly in the same place, where the consumers had left It. She should ‘t sleep so long. Glamorous Katie did not help with anything. Again. The rest of their friends, Harry and Beryl, come for the lunch. They bring fresh artichokes. Ill Martha Is preparing the artichoke soup, the top of the blender flies away and the kitchen is full of artichoke puree. Awkward Martha. Jenny starts her first period and Martha is impressed and cries. She is not her little child anymore, but a little woman. To sum u p the story, a woman must be always perfect. Great wife, mother, babysitter, awesome cook, successful careerist, best friend, psychologist, teacher, doctor, dishwasher, cleaner with bottomless sexual appetite. While exhaustion, influenza, migraine or other illnesses are mission impossible.And naturally, you would do it all in high heels, scented, with exquisite hair, flawless make- up and smile on your face. 2) Characteristics of the mall characters wants to be a perfect woman and tries to manage everything, what in her eyes woman should manage; however, her husband does not see that. She feels undervalued by him as long as he is criticizing her and looks back to the other women, young, childless, with big bosoms and little hips. She is also helping pretty much with house expenses, the thing, she's not very satisfied with, because a good husband of his good wife should manage that.Martin- husband of Martha; iconic example of a man who comes home, extremely exhausted after all day in work and awaiting the house to be clean, children calm and that his wife will be neat, scented, smiling and ready to make him a supper according to his wishes. He is not satisfied with his wife. She should be slimmer, nicer, make healthier meals, and use plenty of perfumes he keeps buying her. Jenny, Jasper, Colony- children of Martha and Martin. We don ‘t know much about them. Jenny dries off her hair with Katie ‘s Yves Saint Laurent towel and gets the erred for the first time at the end of the story. Jasper has hay fever.Katie- a glamorous, childless, scented chick in her middle thirties; kind of a â€Å"modern wife†, who came to the relationship with one bag of clothes, intelligence and free mind. Colic- boyfriend of Katie, he loves her very much and wants to marry her. He has two children from the previous marriage. Katie does not like his ex-wife Janet and their children; he can meet them Just once per month. He is a successful businessman. Harry and Beryl- friends of Martin and Martha; Beryl is a secretary and Harry is an artist. She falls asleep during the visit and Harry gets drunk and is going to drive. He has scar on his temple from the car accident.Mrs†¦ Hooded- came in twice a week to clean and Martha paid her from her wages 3) The story is described from Martha ‘s perspective. Would it be the same, if the narration would be done by Martin? No, definitely. It would not be the same. As far as l' m concerned, Martin perceives the whole situation completely differently than Mart does. He is looking onto problems and situations with a â€Å"man's eye†. He does not feel that Martha does too much around the house, children etc. He feels that she should cook better, have smaller hips and try to be fresher. 4) What are Martha ‘s main worries? Why does she obey Martin in everything?Why does she never object? She wants to be an amazing wife of her great husband that's why she obeys him. She feels that it is her dut y in the role of a woman, mother and wife to behave that way. She is afraid of losing of Martin and fail in all her roles. Martha cannot imagine her life without a husband – she does not realize she could live a different life, because this is what she knows. That is why she is trying to keep Martin at all costs although she is not happy with him. Martha is a prototype of housewife and Katie is her opposite. Martha has a husband, three children and her family is something sacred for her.But she works and keeps her own money that means, she can get by from her wages. Katie has different attitude to these things. She hates to be in the traditional position of a woman, like Martha is. Katie is divorced twice and doses t have children. From my point of view, she is that kind of woman, who needs husband to take care of her in general, mostly from the viewpoint of expenses. Although Katie appears as a confident woman, we also witness her insecurities – she realizes that Coli c is tied to Janet because they have children together and that her position might not be that stable. ) How is the story narrated? Are there long descriptions or dialogues? Why not? The story is narrated as Mart ‘s train of thought. Her mind is important. She is describing the situations from subjective point of view, not like the omniscient narrator. There are no long descriptions, nor dialogues, because they are not necessary (and Martha does not have time for them since she rushes from one task o another – so the narration reflects her state of mind); the reader understands from the situations the whole context. Anyway the direct speech is used for being more authentic.Her descriptions make the story more personal than the universal third person narrator or â€Å"the eye of the camera†. If any woman reads it, she finds herself in many similar situations and that is the aim, to personalize the story and give the percipient the space to make his point of view a bout the piece and given problem. 7) Look at Martin ‘s comments which are inserted in the brackets. What do they suggest? They suggest Martin's dissatisfaction or ironical view on Martha and her acts. They are not formulated as direct criticism, but are rather indirect.Though he might appear as a kind husband, Martha takes his remarks personally as a form of criticism and thus puts even more pressure on herself. 8) What is author's opinion on women like Martha? Who is responsible for their unhappiness- is it men or the women themselves? A woman should love her family and her husband, but should not obey him in the way like Martha did. She gave her win â€Å"Self† and life to her family, but doses ‘t get it back from them. She doses t feel intrinsic fulfillment, which she should feel, living this pattern of life.They are both responsible for their unhappiness – males and females. Because if Martha doses ‘t want to, she din ‘t have to behave this way. As long as, we are concerning on feminist fiction, then men are responsible for the woman's unhappiness 0. Weldon is critical not only to men, but to women as well. She points to the fact that they have power in their hands and they should be active in pursuing happiness. Martha, forever, only relies on her husband, not on herself so it is her own fault that she leads an unhappy life. ) Why does Martha cry at the end of the story? Because her only daughter is becoming a woman. From this important hoar stone in her and they will cause troubles to her woman being and gain control over her whole life, like Martin does to Martha. Martha realizes that her own daughter is now entering the period of womanhood with all its responsibilities. The ending also shows that Martha feels powerless and does not realize that her own daughter does not have to have the same life as she does.